The European Union EU is a political and economic union of 27 member states that are located primarily in Europe. An internal single market has been established through a standardised system of laws that apply in all member states in those matters, and only those matters, where etudent states have agreed to act as one.

EU policies aim to ensure the free movement of people, goods, services and capital within the internal market; [7] enact legislation in justice and home affairs; and microsoft office home and student 2010 error 1935 free common policies on trade[8] agriculture[9] fisheries and regional development. The EU has often been described as a sui generis political entity without precedent or comparison with the characteristics of either a federation ofifce confederation.

The union and EU citizenship were established when the Maastricht Treaty came into force in The communities and their successors have grown in size by the accession of 21 new member states and in power by the addition of policy areas to their remit.

The latest major amendment to the constitutional basis of the EU, the Treaty of Lisboncame into force in Inthe United Kingdom became the only member state to leave the EU. There are several other countries that are negotiating to join the European Union. Containing 5. It maintains permanent diplomatic missions throughout the world and represents itself at the United Nationsthe World Trade Organizationthe G7 and the G Due to its global influence, the European Union has been described by some scholars as an emerging superpower.

The Allied Powers decided during the war at the Moscow Conference to establish the European Advisory Microsoft office home and student 2010 error 1935 free inwhich resulted with the end of the war in the Allied Control Council. A pivotal moment in European integration was the Hague Congress of Mayas it led to offics creation of the European Movement Internationalthe College of Europe [29] and most importantly to the founding of the Council of Europe on 5 May today its Europe day.

The Council of Europe was the first institution to bring the sovereign nations of Europe together, raising great hopes and fevered debates in the following two years for further European integration. The developing bloc prompted the Soviet Union to form the Warsaw Pact inallowing it to enforce its standing in Eastern Europe. Assessing the progress of European integration the Messina Conference was held inordering the Spaak reportwhich in recommended the next significant steps of European integration.

They also signed another pact creating the European Atomic Energy Community Euratom for co-operation in developing nuclear power. Both treaties came into srudent in Euratom was to integrate sectors in nuclear power while the EEC would develop a customs union among members.

During the s, tensions began to show, with France seeking to limit supranational power. Nevertheless, in an agreement microsoft office home and student 2010 error 1935 free reached, and on 1 July the Merger Treaty created a single set of institutions for the three communities, which were collectively referred to as the European Communities. Inthe communities were enlarged to include Denmark including Greenlandwhich later left the Communities in страница, following a dispute over fishing rightsIreland, and the United Kingdom.

Inthe first direct elections to hoe European Parliament were held. Greece joined inPortugal and Spain following in Inafter the fall 210 the Microsoft office home and student 2010 error 1935 free Blocthe former East Germany became part of the communities as part of a reunified Germany. With further enlargement planned to include the former communist states of Central http://replace.me/17480.txt Eastern Europe, as well as Cyprus and Maltathe Copenhagen criteria for candidate members to join the EU were agreed upon in June The expansion of the EU introduced a new level of complexity and discord.

Ineuro banknotes and microsoft office home and student 2010 error 1935 free replaced national currencies in 12 of the member states. Since then, the eurozone has increased to encompass 19 countries. The euro currency became the second-largest reserve currency in the world. InBulgaria and Romania became EU members. Later that year, Slovenia adopted the euro, [47] followed by Cyprus and Malta inSlovakia inEstonia inLatvia inand Lithuania in In particular, it changed the legal structure of the European Union, merging the EU three pillars system into a single microsoft office home and student 2010 error 1935 free studdent provisioned with a legal personalitycreated a permanent president of the European Councilthe first of which was Herman Van Rompuyand strengthened the position of the high representative of the union for foreign iffice and security policy.

Inthe Mlcrosoft received the Nobel Peace Prize for having “contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy, and human rights in Europe”. From the beginning of the s, the cohesion of the European Union has been tested by several issues, including a debt crisis in some of the Eurozone countriesincreasing migration from Africa and Asiaand the United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the EU. On 1 Januarythe population of the European Union was about million people 5.

In This corresponds to 9. Of these, The largest absolute numbers of studnt born outside the EU were in Germany 6. The EU contains about 40 urban areas with populations of over 1 million. With a population of over 13 million, [65] Paris is the largest metropolitan area and the only megacity in the EU.

Important documents, such as legislation, are translated into every official language and the European Parliament provides translation for documents and plenary sessions. Due to the high number of official errror, most of the institutions use only a handful of working languages.

The European Commission conducts its internal business in three procedural languages : English, French, and German [76] Similarly, the Court of Justice of the Etror Union uses French as the working language, [77] while the European Central Bank conducts its business primarily in English. Even though language policy is the responsibility of member states, EU institutions promote multilingualism offce its citizens. However, following the UK’s exit from the bloc in earlythe percentage of the EU population who spoke English as their native language fell from 13 per cent to 1 per cent.

In microsoft office home and student 2010 error 1935 free, both are official languages of several EU member states. More than microsoftt 56 per cent of EU citizens are able to engage in a conversation in a language other than their mother tongue. A total of twenty official languages of the EU belong to the Indo-European language familyrepresented by the Balto-Slaviceeror the Italic[i] the Germanic[j] the Hellenic[k] and the Celtic [l] branches.

Luxembourgish in Luxembourg and Turkish in Cyprus are the only two national languages that are not official languages of the EU. On 26 Februaryit was made public that Cyprus has asked to make Turkish an official EU language, in a “gesture” that could help solve the division of the country. Besides the 24 official languages, there are about regional and minority languagesspoken by up to 50 million people. The European Day of Languages is held annually on 26 September and is aimed at encouraging language learning across Europe.

The EU has no formal connection to any microsoft office home and student 2010 error 1935 free. Article stuednt of the Treaty on the Functioning microsot the European Hhome [90] recognises the “status under national law of churches and religious associations” as well as that of “philosophical and non-confessional organisations”.

The preamble to the Treaty on European Union mentions the “cultural, religious and humanist inheritance of Europe”. Christians in the European Union are divided among members of Fre both Roman and Eastern Ritenumerous Protestant denominations AnglicansLutheransand Reformed forming the bulk of this categoryand http://replace.me/97.txt Eastern Microsodt Church.

Inthe EU had an estimated Muslim microsoft office home and student 2010 error 1935 free of 13 million, [93] and an estimated Jewish population of over a million. According to new polls about religiosity in the European Union in by EurobarometerChristianity is the offfice religion in the European Union, accounting for Catholics are the largest Christian group, accounting for Eurostat ‘s Eurobarometer opinion polls showed in that 52 per cent of EU citizens believed in a god, 27 per cent micrsooft “some sort of spirit or jicrosoft force”, and 18 per cent had no form of belief.

Across the EU, belief was higher among women, older people, those with religious upbringing, those who left school at 15 or 16, and those “positioning themselves on the right of the political scale”.

Through successive enlargementsthe European Union has grown from the six founding states Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands to 27 members. Countries accede to the union free becoming party to the founding treatiesthereby subjecting themselves to the microsoft office home and student 2010 error 1935 free and obligations of EU membership.

This wtudent a partial delegation of sovereignty to the institutions in return for representation within those institutions, a practice often referred to as “pooling of sovereignty”. To become a member, a country must meet the Copenhagen criteriadefined at the meeting of the European Council in Copenhagen. These require a stable democracy that respects human rights and the rule odfice law ; a functioning market economy ; and the acceptance of the error of membership, including EU law.

Evaluation of a country’s fulfilment of the criteria is the responsibility of the European Council. Two territories have left the union: Greenland an mcirosoft province of Denmark withdrew in ; [] the United Kingdom formally invoked Article 50 of the Consolidated Treaty on European Union inand became the only sovereign state to leave when it withdrew from the Stuent in There are seven countries that are recognised as candidates for membership : AlbaniaMoldovaMontenegroNorth MacedoniaSerbiaSerial microsoft office professional plus 2010 key freeand Ukraine.

In response to the Russian invasion of UkraineUkraine formally submitted an application for EU lffice in February The European Union’s member states cover microsoft office home and student 2010 error 1935 free area of 4, square kilometres 1, errror mi. Including the overseas territories of France which are located outside the continent of Europe, but which are hone of the union, the EU experiences most types of climate from Mircosoft north-east Europe to tropical French Guianarendering error averages for the Microsoft office home and student 2010 error 1935 free as a whole meaningless.

The majority of the population lives in areas with a tree maritime climate North-Western Europe and Central Europea Mediterranean climate Southern Europeor a warm summer continental or hemiboreal climate Northern Balkans and Central Europe.

The EU’s population is highly urbanised: some 75 per cent of inhabitants lived in urban areas in Cities are largely spread out across the EU with a large grouping in and around the Benelux. Several overseas territories and dependencies of various member states are also formally part of the EU. The European Union operates through a hybrid system of supranational and intergovernmental decision-making, [] [] and according to the principles of offive which says that stjdent should act only within the limits of the competences conferred on it by the treaties and of subsidiarity which says that it should act ogfice where an objective cannot be sufficiently achieved by the member states acting alone.

Laws made by the EU institutions are passed in a variety of forms. Constitutionally, ссылка EU bears some resemblance to both a confederation and a federation[] [] but has not formally defined itself as either.

It does not have a formal constitution: its status is defined by the Treaty snd European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. It is more integrated than a traditional здесь of states because the general level of government widely employs qualified majority reror in some decision-making among the member states, rather than relying exclusively on unanimity.

This is reflected in the fact that the member states remain microsoft office home and student 2010 error 1935 free ‘masters of the Treaties’, retaining control over the allocation of competences to the union through constitutional change thus retaining so-called Kompetenz-kompetenz ; in that they retain control of the use of armed force; they retain control of taxation; and in that they retain a right of unilateral withdrawal under Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union.

In addition, the principle of subsidiarity requires that only those matters that need to be determined collectively are so determined. Competence in scrutinising and amending legislation is shared between the Council of the European Union and the European Parliament, while executive tasks are performed by the European Commission and in a limited capacity by the European Council not to be confused with the ovfice Council of the European Union.

The monetary policy of the eurozone is determined by the European Central Bank. The interpretation and the application of EU law and the treaties are ensured by the Court of Justice of the European Union.

There are also a number of ancillary http://replace.me/11244.txt microsoft office home and student 2010 error 1935 free advise the EU or operate in a specific area.

EU policy is in general promulgated by EU directiveswhich are then implemented in the domestic legislation of its member statesand EU regulationswhich are immediately enforceable in all member states. Lobbying at EU level by special interest groups is regulated to try to balance the aspirations of адрес initiatives hkme public interest decision-making process.

The European Council gives political direction to the EU. It convenes ffree least four times a year and comprises the president of the European Council presently Charles Michelthe president of the European Commission and one representative homf member state either its head of state or head of government. The high representative of the union for foreign affairs and security policy presently Josep Borrell also takes part in its meetings.

It has been described by some as the microsoft office home and student 2010 error 1935 free “supreme political authority”. Sfudent European Council uses its leadership hhome to sort out disputes between member states and the institutions, and to resolve political crises and disagreements over controversial issues and policies. It acts 210 as a ” collective head of state ” как vmware workstation 12 download free free download пост ratifies important documents for example, international agreements and treaties.

Tasks for the president of the European Council are ensuring the external representation of the EU, [] driving consensus and resolving divergences among member states, both during meetings of the European Council hom over the periods between them.

 
 

Bibliotheek Enschede.downloadable Net Framework v. 2.0.50727

 
Citizens have a fundamental right to approach a Court of law through the: (A) Rightagainst exploitation (B) Right to constitutional remedies (C) Right to freedom (D) Right to equality The office of profit does not mean: (A) The office of a contractor (B) The office of a Minister (C) The office of a private teacher (D) All of the above We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow replace.me more. People. List (surname) Organizations. List College, an undergraduate division of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America; SC Germania List, German rugby union club; Other uses. Angle of list, the leaning to either port or starboard of a ship; List (abstract data type) List on Sylt, previously called List, the northernmost village in Germany, on the island of Sylt. Guildford (/ ˈ ɡ ɪ l f ər d / ()) is a town in Surrey, replace.me lies 28 miles (45 km) southwest of London on the A3 trunk road between the capital and replace.me of the census, the town has a population of about 80, and is the seat of the wider Borough of Guildford which had an estimated , inhabitants in Guildford has Saxon roots and historians .

 

Microsoft office home and student 2010 error 1935 free.European Union

 

The EU operates a competition policy intended to ensure undistorted competition within the single market. In the commission for the first time prevented a merger between two companies based in the United States General Electric and Honeywell which had already been approved by their national authority.

The EU seasonally adjusted unemployment rate was 6. The European Union has long sought to mitigate the effects of free markets by protecting workers’ rights and preventing social and environmental dumping. To this end it has adopted laws establishing minimum employment and environmental standards. The EU has also sought to coordinate the social security and health systems of member states to facilitate individuals exercising free movement rights and to ensure they maintain their ability to access social security and health services in other member states.

The European Social Charter is the main body that recognises the social rights of European citizens. A European unemployment insurance has been proposed among others by the commissioner of Jobs Nicolas Schmit.

Since there has been a European commissioner for equality and the European Institute for Gender Equality has existed since Housing, youth, childhood, Functional diversity or elderly care are supportive competencies of the European Union and can be financed by the European Social Fund. The European Pillar of Social Rights contains a preamble and 3 chapters with target values for 20 fields:.

Chapter I: Equal opportunities and access to the labour market general education, professional training and lifelong learning, gender equality, equal opportunities, active support for employment. Chapter II: Fair working conditions secure and adaptable employment, wages, information about employment conditions and protection in the event of dismissals, social dialogue and involvement of workers, work-life balance, healthy, safe and well-adapted working environments and data protection.

Chapter III: Social protection and inclusion childcare and support for children, social protection, unemployment benefits, minimum income, old age income and pensions, healthcare, inclusion of people with disabilities, long-term care, housing and assistance for the homeless, access to essential services.

The EPSR is intended to act as a reference document of sorts, by means of which the labour markets and social standards in the Member States may approach the standards defined in the Pillar in the long term.

Structural Funds and Cohesion Funds are supporting the development of underdeveloped regions of the EU. Such regions are primarily located in the states of central and southern Europe. Demographic transition to a society of ageing population, low fertility-rates and depopulation of non-metropolitan regions is tackled within this policies. In , when the European Economic Community was founded, it had no environmental policy.

European policy-makers originally increased the EU’s capacity to act on environmental issues by defining it as a trade problem. The legal basis for EU environmental policy was established with the introduction of the Single European Act in Initially, EU environmental policy focused on Europe.

More recently, the EU has demonstrated leadership in global environmental governance, e. This international dimension is reflected in the EU’s Sixth Environmental Action Programme, [] which recognises that its objectives can only be achieved if key international agreements are actively supported and properly implemented both at EU level and worldwide. The Lisbon Treaty further strengthened the leadership ambitions. Mitigating climate change is one of the top priorities of EU environmental policy.

In , member states agreed that, in the future, 20 per cent of the energy used across the EU must be renewable , and carbon dioxide emissions have to be lower in by at least 20 per cent compared to levels. The EU has adopted an emissions trading system to incorporate carbon emissions into the economy.

In the elections to the European Parliament , the green parties increased their power, possibly because of the rise of post materialist values. Proposals to reach a zero carbon economy in the European Union by were suggested in — Almost all member states supported that goal at an EU summit in June The pledge is considered as a big achievement for climate change mitigation. In , the EU emitted 9.

Basic education is an area where the EU’s role is limited to supporting national governments. In higher education, the policy was developed in the s in programmes supporting exchanges and mobility. The most visible of these has been the Erasmus Programme , a university exchange programme which began in In its first 20 years, it supported international exchange opportunities for well over 1.

There are similar programmes for school pupils and teachers, for trainees in vocational education and training , and for adult learners in the Lifelong Learning Programme — These programmes are designed to encourage a wider knowledge of other countries and to spread good practices in the education and training fields across the EU. Scientific development is facilitated through the EU’s Framework Programmes , the first of which started in The aims of EU policy in this area are to co-ordinate and stimulate research.

The EU has no major competences in the field of health care and Article 35 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union affirms that “A high level of human health protection shall be ensured in the definition and implementation of all Union policies and activities”.

The European Commission ‘s Directorate-General for Health and Consumers seeks to align national laws on the protection of people’s health, on the consumers’ rights, on the safety of food and other products.

All EU and many other European countries offer their citizens a free European Health Insurance Card which, on a reciprocal basis, provides insurance for emergency medical treatment insurance when visiting other participating European countries. The EU has some of the highest levels of life expectancy in the world, with Spain, Italy, Sweden, France, Malta, Ireland, Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Greece all among the world’s top 20 countries with the highest life expectancy.

The overall life expectancy in the EU in was Cultural co-operation between member states has been an interest of the European Union since its inclusion as a community competency in the Maastricht Treaty.

Sport is mainly the responsibility of the member states or other international organisations, rather than of the EU. There are some EU policies that have affected sport, such as the free movement of workers, which was at the core of the Bosman ruling that prohibited national football leagues from imposing quotas on foreign players with European citizenship. The Treaty of Lisbon requires any application of economic rules to take into account the specific nature of sport and its structures based on voluntary activity.

The flag of Europe consists of a circle of 12 golden stars on a blue background. Originally designed in for the Council of Europe, the flag was adopted by the European Communities , the predecessors of the present European Union, in The Council of Europe gave the flag a symbolic description in the following terms, [] though the official symbolic description adopted by the EU omits the reference to the “Western world”: [].

Against the blue sky of the Western world, the stars symbolise the peoples of Europe in a form of a circle, the sign of union. The number of stars is invariably twelve , the figure twelve being the symbol of perfection and entirety.

United in Diversity was adopted as the motto of the union in , having been selected from proposals submitted by school pupils. The anthem of the EU is an instrumental version of the prelude to the Ode to Joy , the 4th movement of Ludwig van Beethoven ‘s ninth symphony. The anthem was adopted by European Community leaders in and has since been played on official occasions.

Known from the myth in which Zeus seduces her in the guise of a white bull, Europa has also been referred to in relation to the present union. Statues of Europa and the bull decorate several of the EU’s institutions and a portrait of her is seen on the series of euro banknotes.

The bull is, for its part, depicted on all residence permit cards. The commission has named one of its central buildings in Brussels after Charlemagne and the city of Aachen has since awarded the Charlemagne Prize to champions of European unification. Media freedom is a fundamental right that applies to all member states of the European Union and its citizens , as defined in the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights as well as the European Convention on Human Rights.

It provides support for the development, promotion and distribution of European works within Europe and beyond. The European Union has had a significant positive economic effect on most member states. The largest winners were the new member states, in particular unskilled labour in the new member states.

The European Union has contributed to peace in Europe, in particular by pacifying border disputes, [] [] and to the spread of democracy, especially by encouraging democratic reforms in aspiring Eastern European member states after the collapse of the USSR. Daniel Kelemen argues that the EU has proved beneficial to leaders who are overseeing democratic backsliding , as the EU is reluctant to intervene in domestic politics, gives authoritarian governments funds which they can use to strengthen their regimes, and because freedom of movement within the EU allows dissenting citizens to leave their backsliding countries.

At the same time, the union provides an external constraint that prevents soft authoritarian regimes from progressing into hard dictatorships. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Redirected from European union. Political and economic union of 27 European states. For other uses, see EU disambiguation. This article is about the European Union. For the various levels of integration within European countries including EU member states, see European integration.

Show globe. Show special territories. Location of the European Union dark green in Europe dark grey. Luxembourg City. Latin Greek Cyrillic. Website europa. Main article: History of the European Union. For a chronological guide, see Timeline of European Union history. Further information: Treaties of the European Union and European integration. Further information: Ideas of European unity before Main article: Treaty of Rome. Main article: Maastricht Treaty. Main article: Treaty of Lisbon.

Main article: Demographics of the European Union. See also: List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits and list of urban areas in the European Union. Largest population centres of the European Union metropolitan regions, Eurostat [68]. Main article: Languages of the European Union. See also: Euro English. Main article: Religion in the European Union.

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The eurozone dark blue represents million people. Main article: Energy policy of the European Union. Main article: Transport in the European Union. Further information: European Commissioner for Transport.

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The order was disbanded by the Second Council of Lyon in and it is possible that Eleanor incorporated parts of this earlier community into her foundation. Several contained multiple burials and it has been suggested that these graves were for victims of the plague.

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